Dulani motsutsana ndi Magalasi Oponderezedwa

Bungwe la United Nations lasankha chaka cha 2022 kukhala Chaka Chapadziko Lonse cha Magalasi.Cooper Hewitt akukondwerera mwambowu ndi zolemba zingapo za chaka chonse zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kasamalidwe ka magalasi ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale.

Cholembachi chimayang'ana pa matekinoloje awiri osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi zokongoletsera zamagalasi: odulidwa motsutsana ndi magalasi oponderezedwa.Chikhocho chimapangidwa ndi galasi losindikizidwa, pamene mbaleyo inadulidwa kuti ipangike pamwamba pake.Ngakhale kuti zinthu zonsezi ndi zowonekera komanso zokongoletsedwa bwino, kupanga ndi mtengo wake zikanasiyana kwambiri.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, pamene mbale ya miyendo inapangidwa, mtengo ndi luso lopanga chinthu chokongola choterocho zinatanthauza kuti sichinali chokwera mtengo kwambiri.Ogwira ntchito zamagalasi aluso adapanga mawonekedwe a geometric podula magalasiwo, zomwe zidatenga nthawi yayitali.Choyamba, wopanga magalasi anawuzira chopanda kanthu—magalasi osakongoletsedwa.Kenako chidutswacho chinasamutsidwa kwa wamisiri yemwe anapanga chitsanzo chomwe chiyenera kudulidwa mu galasi.Kapangidwe kameneka kanakambidwa asanapatsidwe chidutswacho kwa munthu wodzigudubuza, yemwe ankadula galasilo ndi zitsulo kapena mawilo ozungulira amwala opaka phala lonyezimira kuti apange chitsanzo chomwe akufuna.Potsirizira pake, wopukuta anamaliza chidutswacho, kuonetsetsa kuti chiwalire bwino.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, nkhokweyo sinadulidwe koma inakanikizidwa mu nkhungu kuti ipange mawonekedwe a swag ndi ngayaye, omwe adadziwika kuti Lincoln Drape (mapangidwewo, omwe adapangidwa pambuyo pa imfa ya Purezidenti Abraham Lincoln, akuti adadzutsa chotengera chomwe chinakongoletsa bokosi lake. ndi kumva).Njira yosindikizirayo inali yovomerezeka ku United States mu 1826 ndipo idasinthadi kupanga magalasi.Magalasi oponderezedwa amapangidwa mwa kuthira magalasi osungunuka mu nkhungu ndiyeno kugwiritsa ntchito makina kukankhira, kapena kukanikiza, zinthuzo mu mawonekedwe.Zidutswa zopangidwa mwanjira imeneyi zimadziwika mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe osalala a ziwiya zawo (chifukwa nkhungu imangogwira galasi lakunja) ndi chilli chomwe chili ngati galasi lotentha likasakanizidwa mu chitsulo chozizira.Kuyesera kubisa zizindikiro zoziziritsa kukhosi m'zidutswa zoyambirira, zojambula za lacy nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa maziko.Pamene njira yopanikizidwayi idakula, opanga magalasi adapanga magalasi atsopano kuti agwirizane bwino ndi zomwe zimafunikira.

Kuchita bwino komwe magalasi osindikizira adapangidwira kudakhudza msika wamagalasi, komanso mitundu yazakudya zomwe anthu amadya komanso momwe zakudyazi zimaperekera.Mwachitsanzo, zosungiramo mchere (zakudya zing'onozing'ono zopangira mchere patebulo) zinatchuka kwambiri, monga momwe miphika ya udzu winawake inachitira.Selari anali wofunika kwambiri patebulo la banja lolemera la Victorian.Zovala zamagalasi zokongola zidakhalabe chizindikiro, koma galasi losindikizidwa limapereka njira yotsika mtengo, yofikirika yopangira nyumba yabwino kwa ogula ambiri.Makampani opanga magalasi ku United States adakula kwambiri m'zaka zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, kuwonetsa luso lopanga zinthu zomwe zidathandizira kwambiri kupezeka kwambiri komanso mbiri yokongoletsa magalasi ogwira ntchito.Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira zina zapadera zopangira, magalasi otsikizidwa amafunidwa kwambiri ndi osonkhanitsa magalasi akale.